Frequency division multiple access schemes for wireless communication

ABSTRACT

Techniques for transmitting data using single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) multiplexing schemes are described. In one aspect, data is sent on sets of adjacent subbands that are offset from one another to achieve frequency diversity. A terminal may be assigned a set of N adjacent subbands that is offset by less than N (e.g., N/2) subbands from another set of N adjacent subbands assigned to another terminal and would then observe interference on only subbands that overlap. In another aspect, a multi-carrier transmission symbol is generated with multi-carrier SC-FDMA. Multiple waveforms carrying modulation symbols in the time domain on multiple sets of subbands are generated. The multiple waveforms are pre-processed (e.g., cyclically delayed by different amounts) to obtain pre-processed waveforms, which are combined (e.g., added) to obtain a composite waveform. A cyclic prefix is appended to the composite waveform to generate the multi-carrier transmission symbol.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present Application for Patent is a Divisional of patent application Ser. No. 11/325,980 entitled “FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” filed Jan. 4, 2006, pending, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/738,129 entitled “FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” filed Nov. 18, 2005, both of which are assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

I. Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for transmitting data in a wireless communication system.

II. Background

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier multiplexing scheme that partitions a frequency band (e.g., the system bandwidth) into multiple (K) orthogonal subbands. These subbands are also called tones, subcarriers, bins, and so on. With OFDM, each subband is associated with a respective subcarrier that may be independently modulated with data.

OFDM has certain desirable characteristics such as high spectral efficiency and robustness against multipath effects. However, a major drawback with OFDM is a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which means that the ratio of the peak power to the average power of an OFDM waveform can be high. The high PAPR for the OFDM waveform results from possible in-phase addition of all the subcarriers when they are independently modulated with data. In fact, it can be shown that the peak power can be up to K times greater than the average power for OFDM.

The high PAPR for the OFDM waveform is undesirable and may degrade performance. For example, large peaks in the OFDM waveform may cause a power amplifier to operate in a highly non-linear region or possibly clip, which would then cause intermodulation distortion and other artifacts that can degrade signal quality. The degraded signal quality may adversely affect performance for channel estimation, data detection, and so on.

There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to transmit data in a manner to achieve good performance and avoid high PAPR.

SUMMARY

Techniques for transmitting data using single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) multiplexing schemes to achieve good performance and low PAPR are described herein. In one aspect, data is sent on sets of adjacent subbands that are offset from one another to achieve frequency diversity. A terminal is assigned a first set of N adjacent subbands that is offset by less than N (e.g., N/2) subbands from a second set of N adjacent subbands assigned to another terminal. These terminals may be in the same or different sectors. The first set of subbands overlaps partially with the second set of subbands. A transmission symbol is generated with modulation symbols sent in the time domain on the first set of subbands. This transmission symbol observes interference from the other terminal on only subbands that are common in the first and second sets.

In another aspect, multi-carrier SC-FDMA is used to achieve frequency diversity, interference diversity, and possibly other benefits. To generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol, multiple waveforms carrying modulation symbols on multiple sets of subbands are generated. Each set may include adjacent subbands or subbands distributed across the system bandwidth. The multiple waveforms are pre-processed (e.g., cyclically delayed by different amounts) to obtain pre-processed waveforms, which are combined (e.g., added) to obtain a composite waveform. A cyclic prefix is appended to the composite waveform to generate the multi-carrier transmission symbol.

Various aspects and embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and nature of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout.

FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system.

FIG. 2A shows a subband structure for localized FDMA (LFDMA).

FIG. 2B shows a subband structure for interleaved FDMA (IFDMA).

FIGS. 3A and 3B show two processes for generating a transmission symbol.

FIG. 4 shows a subband structure that can provide interference diversity.

FIG. 5A shows a process to transmit data with the subband structure in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5B shows an apparatus to transmit data with the subband structure in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 shows a multi-carrier SC-FDMA modulator.

FIG. 7 shows generation of a multi-carrier transmission symbol with cyclically delayed SC-FDMA waveforms.

FIG. 8A shows a process to generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol.

FIG. 8B shows an apparatus to generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol.

FIG. 9A shows a process to receive a multi-carrier transmission symbol.

FIG. 9B shows an apparatus to receive a multi-carrier transmission symbol.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a transmitter and a receiver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.

FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system 100 with multiple base stations 110 and multiple terminals 120. A base station is generally a fixed station that communicates with the terminals and may also be called an access point, a Node B, or some other terminology. Each base station 110 provides communication coverage for a particular geographic area 102. The term “cell” can refer to a base station and/or its coverage area depending on the context in which the term is used. To improve system capacity, a base station coverage area may be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, e.g., three smaller areas 104 a, 104 b, and 104 c. Each smaller area is served by a respective base transceiver subsystem (BTS). The term “sector” can refer to a BTS and/or its coverage area depending on the context in which the term is used. For a sectorized cell, the BTSs for all sectors of that cell are typically co-located within the base station for the cell.

Terminals 120 are typically dispersed throughout the system, and each terminal may be fixed or mobile. A terminal may also be called a mobile station, a user equipment, or some other terminology. A terminal may be a wireless device, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem card, and so on. Each terminal may communicate with one or possibly multiple base stations on the forward and reverse links at any given moment. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. In the following description, the term “terminal” and “user” are used interchangeably.

For a centralized architecture, a system controller 130 couples to base stations 110 and provides coordination and control for these base stations. For a distributed architecture, the base stations may communicate with one another as needed.

System 100 may utilize SC-FDMA, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and/or some other multiplexing scheme. SC-FDMA includes (1) LFDMA which transmits data on a group of adjacent subbands, (2) IFDMA which transmits data on subbands that are distributed across the system bandwidth, (3) enhanced FDMA (EFDMA) which transmits data on multiple groups of adjacent subbands, (4) multi-carrier SC-FDMA which transmits data on multiple sets of subbands, or (5) other variants of SC-FDMA. LFDMA is also called narrowband FDMA, classical FDMA, and FDMA. IFDMA is also called distributed FDMA. OFDMA utilizes OFDM. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the time domain with SC-FDMA and in the frequency domain with OFDM.

In general, system 100 may utilize one or more multiplexing schemes for the forward and reverse links. For example, system 100 may utilize (1) SC-FDMA (e.g., LFDMA) for both the forward and reverse links (2) one version of SC-FDMA (e.g., LFDMA) for one link and another version of SC-FDMA (e.g., IFDMA) for the other link, (3) SC-FDMA for the reverse link and OFDMA for the forward link, or (4) some other combination of multiplexing schemes. SC-FDMA, OFDMA, some other multiplexing scheme, or a combination thereof may be used for each link to achieve the desired performance. For example, SC-FDMA and OFDMA may be used for a given link, with SC-FDMA being used for some subbands and OFDMA being used for other subbands. It may be desirable to use SC-FDMA on the reverse link to achieve lower PAPR and to relax power amplifier requirements for the terminals. It may be desirable to use OFDMA on the forward link to potentially achieve higher system capacity.

FIG. 2A shows an exemplary subband structure 200 for LFDMA. The overall system bandwidth of BW MHz is partitioned into multiple (K) orthogonal subbands that are given indices of 1 through K, where K may be any integer value but is typically a power of two. For simplicity, the following description assumes that all K total subbands are usable for transmission. The spacing between adjacent subbands is BW/K MHz. For subband structure 200, the K total subbands are arranged into S non-overlapping groups. The S groups are non-overlapping or disjoint in that each of the K subbands belongs in only one group. Each group contains N adjacent subbands, and group g contains subbands (g−1)·N+1 through g·N , where K=S·N and gε{1, . . . , S}.

FIG. 2B shows an exemplary subband structure 210 for IFDMA. For subband structure 210, the K total subbands are arranged into S non-overlapping interlaces. Each interlace contains N subbands that are uniformly distributed across the K total subbands, and consecutive subbands in each interlace are spaced apart by S subbands. Interlace u contains subband u as the first subband, where K=S·N and uε{1, . . . , S}.

An exemplary subband structure for EFDMA may be defined as follows. The K total subbands are arranged into S non-overlapping sets. Each set contains L groups that are spaced apart by P subbands, and each group includes M adjacent subbands, where P=K/L. Each set thus contains a total of N=L·M subbands that are arranged into L groups of M adjacent subbands, with the subband groups being uniformly distributed across the system bandwidth.

In general, a subband structure may include any number of non-overlapping subband sets. Each subband set may contain any number of subbands and any one of the K total subbands. The subband sets may contain the same or different numbers of subbands. For each set, the subbands in the set may be adjacent to one another as shown in FIG. 2A, uniformly distributed across the system bandwidth as shown in FIG. 2B, non-uniformly distributed across the system bandwidth, or arranged in multiple groups that may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed across the system bandwidth. For example, each subband set may correspond to a subband group in FIG. 2A, an interlace in FIG. 2B, or multiple groups of subbands for the EFDMA subband structure described above. Furthermore, N, S, L and M may or may not be integer divisors of K. Different users may be assigned different subband sets and would then be orthogonal to one another.

FIG. 3A shows a process 300 for generating a transmission symbol for a subband set, e.g., a subband group or an interlace. For clarity, FIG. 3A shows a simple case with K=32 total subbands, N=8 subbands in each set, and a cyclic prefix length of C=2.

An original sequence of N modulation symbols to be transmitted in one symbol period on one subband set is denoted as {d_(n)}={d₁, d₂, . . . , d_(N)} (block 310). Sequence {d_(n)} is transformed to the frequency domain with an N-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or an N-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) to obtain a sequence of N frequency-domain values, {D_(k)}={D₁, D₂, . . . , D_(N)} (block 312). The N frequency-domain values are mapped to the N subbands in the set used for transmission. These N assigned subbands have indices of U+1, U+2, . . . , U+N, where U is a start offset for the assigned subbands, and U=8 for the example shown in FIG. 3A. Zero values are mapped to the remaining K−N subbands to generate a sequence of K values, {Y_(k)} (block 314). Sequence {Y_(k)} is then transformed to the time domain with a K-point inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) or a K-point inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to obtain a sequence of K time-domain output samples, {y_(n)}, which is also called an SC-FDMA waveform (block 316).

The last C output samples in sequence {y_(n)} are copied to the start of the sequence to form a transmission symbol that contains K+C output samples (block 318). The C copied output samples are often called a cyclic prefix or a guard interval, and C is the cyclic prefix length. The cyclic prefix is used to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading, which is a frequency response that varies across the system bandwidth. The K+C output samples of the transmission symbol are transmitted in K+C sample periods, one output sample in each sample period. A symbol period is the duration of one transmission symbol and is equal to K+C sample periods. A sample period is also called a chip period.

FIG. 3B shows another process 350 for generating a transmission symbol for a subband set. For clarity, FIG. 3B also shows a simple case with K=32, N=8 and C=2. An original sequence of N modulation symbols to be transmitted in one symbol period on one subband set is denoted as {d_(n)}={d₁, d₂, . . . , d_(N)} (block 360). The N modulation symbols are mapped to a sequence {x_(n)} with K total sample locations that are given indices of 1 through K (block 362). The N modulation symbols are mapped to N evenly spaced sample locations 1, S, 2S, . . . , (N−1)·S in sequence {x_(n)}, are uniformly distributed across sequence {x_(n)}, and are spaced apart by S sample locations. Zero values are mapped to the K·N remaining sample locations in sequence {x_(n)}.

Sequence {x_(n)} is then transformed to the frequency domain with a K-point DFT/FFT to obtain a sequence of K frequency-domain values, {X_(k)} (block 364). N frequency-domain values for the N assigned subbands with indices of U+1 through U+N are retained, and the remaining K−N unassigned subbands are filled with zeros to form a sequence of K values, {Y_(k)} (block 366). Sequence {Y_(k)} is then transformed to the time domain with a K-point IDFT/IFFT to obtain a sequence of K time-domain samples, {y_(n)} (block 368). The last C output samples in sequence {y_(n)} are copied to the start of the sequence to form a transmission symbol that contains K+C output samples (block 370).

Process 300 may also be used to generate transmission symbols for IFDMA and EFDMA. The N frequency-domain values in sequence {D_(k)} are mapped to the N assigned subbands, which may be for an interlace for IFDMA or multiple groups of subbands for EFDMA. Transmission symbols for LFDMA, IFDMA and EFDMA may also be generated in other manners.

S subband sets may be defined for LFDMA as shown in FIG. 2A, and neighboring sectors may use the same S subband sets. For this LFDMA scheme, a user u₁ that is assigned subband set s in a sector observes interference from another user u₂ that is assigned the same subband set s in a neighbor sector. Furthermore, user u₁ observes interference from user u₂ on all N subbands in set s.

In an aspect, S subband sets are defined for each sector, and different subband sets are defined for neighboring sectors. The subband sets may be defined such that a subband set for a given sector may overlap partially but not completely with a subband set for a neighbor sector. Hence, no subband set for a given sector contains all of the subbands in any subband set for a neighbor sector. For this LFDMA scheme, a user u₁ that is assigned subband set s in a sector may observe interference from another user u₂ in a neighbor sector on some but not all of the subbands in set s. This LFDMA scheme provides interference diversity since user u₁ does not observe interference from a single user in another sector across all of the subbands assigned to user u₁.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary LFDMA subband structure 400 that can provide interference diversity. For simplicity, FIG. 4 shows only subband set 1 for each of R sectors, where R may be any integer value. For each sector i, where iε{1, . . . R}, subband set 1 contains subbands Q_(i)+1 through Q_(i)+N, subband set 2 contains subbands Q_(i)+N+1 through Q_(i)+2N, and so on, and subband set S may contain subbands 1 through Q_(i) and subbands Q_(i)+(S−1)·N+1 through K, where Q_(i) may be any integer value between 0 and N−1. For each sector i, the S subband sets are shifted versions of the S subband groups shown in FIG. 2A. The last subband set may include subbands at one or both band edges.

The R sectors may be assigned R different offsets so that Q₁≠Q₂≠ . . . ≠Q_(N). Each subband set for a given sector may then include some but not all of the subbands in any subband set for a neighbor sector. As an example, for R=2, the offsets for the two sectors may be defined as Q₁=0 and Q₂=N/2. The subband sets for one sector are then offset by N/2 subbands from the subband sets for the other sector, and any two subband sets for the two sectors overlap by at most N/2 subbands. As another example, for R=4, the offsets for the four sectors may be defined as Q₁=0, Q₂=N/4, Q₃=N/2 and Q₄=3N/4. Any two subband sets for any two sectors would then overlap by at most 3N/4 subbands. For any given value of R, the offset for each sector i, for i=1, . . . R, may be defined as Q_(i)=└(i−1)·N/R┘, where “└α┘” is a floor operator that gives the largest integer value that is equal to or less than α. In general, the offsets for the R sectors may be any values and do not need to be a power of two or evenly spaced.

For subband structure 400, a user u₁ assigned with subband set 1 in sector 1 would overlap partially with users u_(2a) through u_(Ra) assigned with subband set 1 in sectors 2 through R, respectively. User u₁ would then observe interference on the subbands that user u₁ shares with each of users u_(2a) through u_(Ra). User u₁ would also overlap partially with user u_(2b) assigned with subbands 1 through Q₂ in sector 2, user u_(3b) assigned with subbands 1 through Q₃ in sector 3, and so on, and user u_(Rb) assigned with subbands 1 through Q_(R) in sector R. User u₁ would also observe interference from users u_(2b) through u_(Rb) on these subbands. User u₁ may thus observe interference from two users in each neighbor sector.

Subband structure 400 may also be used to support quasi-orthogonal multiplexing for a single sector. Multiple channel sets may be defined for the sector. Each channel set i may include S subband sets that are formed with a different offset Q_(i). Subband set ν for a given channel set would then overlap partially with subband set ν for each of the other channel set(s). The S subband sets in channel set 1 may be assigned to users first, then the S subband sets in channel set 2 may be assigned to users if and as necessary, and so on. With quasi-orthogonal multiplexing, multiple users in the same sector may share a given subband. The transmissions for these overlapping users would interfere with one another and may be separated using receiver spatial processing techniques. With subband structure 400, a user in a given channel set observes interference from more users in the other channel set(s), which provides interference diversity.

A transmission symbol for a subband set with offset Q_(i) may be generated using process 300 in FIG. 3A, process 350 in FIG. 3B, or some other construction process. For process 300, the N frequency-domain values in sequence {D_(k)} may be mapped directly to the N assigned subbands. For process 350, the N frequency-domain values in sequence {X_(k)} for the N assigned subbands are retained, and the remaining subbands are filled with zeros to obtain sequence {Y_(k)}. Process 300 and process 350 provide the same output sequence {y_(n)} when the start offset U for the assigned subbands is an integer multiple of N.

When U is not an integer multiple of N, which is the case if Q_(i) is a non-zero value, the output sequence {y_(n)} provided by process 350 is comparable but not identical to the output sequence {y_(n)} provided by process 300. As shown in FIG. 3B, sequence {X_(k)} is periodic in the frequency domain with a periodicity of N. When U is an integer multiple of N, sequence {Y_(k)} contains the N frequency-domain values {D₁, . . . , D_(N)} in the same order as sequence {D_(k)}. However, when U is not an integer multiple of N, sequence {Y_(k)} contains a different ordering of the N frequency-domain values in sequence {D_(k)}. For example, if Q_(i)=N/2 and U=N/2 for subband set 1, then sequence {Y_(k)} contains {D_(N/2+1), . . . , D_(N), D₁, . . . D_(N/2)}. A receiver would process a received transmission symbol to obtain estimates of {D_(N/2+1), . . . , D_(N), D₁, . . . D_(N/2)} and would reorder these estimates to obtain {D₁, . . . , D_(N)}. The receiver would then perform an N-point IDFT/IFFT on the estimates of {D₁, . . . , D_(N)} to obtain estimates of the modulation symbols {d₁, . . . , d_(N)}.

FIG. 5A shows a process 500 performed by a transmitter (e.g., a base station or a terminal) to transmit data with subband structure 400 in FIG. 4. Initially, a subband assignment for the terminal is determined (block 512). This subband assignment is for a first set of N adjacent subbands that is offset by less than N subbands from a second set of N adjacent subbands assigned to another terminal. For example, the first and second subband sets may be offset by N/2 subbands from each other. The two terminals may be in the same or different sectors. A transmission symbol carrying modulation symbols sent in the time domain on the first set of subbands is generated, e.g., based on process 300 in FIG. 3A or process 350 in FIG. 3B (block 514).

FIG. 5B shows an apparatus 550 for transmitting data with subband structure 400 in FIG. 4. Apparatus 550 includes means for determining a subband assignment for a terminal, which is for a first set of N adjacent subbands that is offset by less than N subbands from a second set of N adjacent subbands assigned to another terminal (block 552), and means for generating a transmission symbol carrying modulation symbols sent in the time domain on the first set of subbands (block 554).

A transmission symbol may be generated for a single subband set, e.g., a subband group or an interlace, as described above. The transmission symbol carries modulation symbols in the time domain and has a low PAPR that is comparable to the PAPR of a single-carrier system. This is in contrast to OFDM, which transmits modulation symbols in the frequency domain and has a high PAPR.

In another aspect, a multi-carrier transmission symbol is generated for multiple subband sets, e.g., multiple subband groups or multiple interlaces, using multi-carrier SC-FDMA. Multi-carrier SC-FDMA may provide frequency diversity, interference diversity, and possibly other benefits.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a multi-carrier SC-FDMA modulator 600 that can generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol for multiple (T) subband sets. Within modulator 600, T SC-FDMA waveform generators 610 a through 610 t receive T sets of modulation symbols for T subband sets. Each SC-FDMA waveform generator 610 performs modulation (e.g., for LFDMA or IFDMA) on its set of modulation symbols for its subband set and generates a corresponding SC-FDMA waveform. For example, each SC-FDMA waveform generator 610 may perform process 300 in FIG. 3A or process 350 in FIG. 3B to generate an output sequence {y_(n)}, which is provided as the SC-FDMA waveform. SC-FDMA waveform generators 610 a through 610 t independently generate T SC-FDMA waveforms for T subband sets.

In an embodiment, the T SC-FDMA waveforms are combined (e.g., added) to generate a composite waveform, and a cyclic prefix is appended to the composite waveform to generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol. This multi-carrier transmission symbol would have a higher PAPR than a transmission symbol generated for a single subband set.

In another embodiment, the T SC-FDMA waveforms are pre-processed prior to being combined to achieve a lower PAPR. As shown in FIG. 6, T pre-processors 612 a through 612 t receive the T SC-FDMA waveforms from T generators 610 a through 610 t, respectively. Each pre-processor 612 performs pre-processing on its SC-FDMA waveform and provides a pre-processed SC-FDMA waveform. A combiner 614 receives and combines (e.g., adds) the T pre-processed SC-FDMA waveforms from pre-processors 612 a through 612 t and provides a composite waveform. A cyclic prefix generator 616 appends a cyclic prefix to the composite waveform and provides a multi-carrier transmission symbol.

The pre-processing on the SC-FDMA waveforms may be performed in various manners. The pre-processing may be the same or different for LFDMA, IFDMA and EFDMA.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment in which the SC-FDMA waveforms are cyclically delayed prior to combining For this embodiment, each pre-processor 612 cyclically delays or circularly shifts its SC-FDMA waveform by a predetermined amount to generate a pre-processed SC-FDMA waveform. For the example shown in FIG. 7, T=2, and two SC-FDMA waveforms are combined. Pre-processor 612 a provides a cyclic delay of zero samples and simply passes its input SC-FDMA waveform as the pre-processed SC-FDMA waveform. Pre-processor 612 t provides a cyclic delay of S/2 samples and outputs the cyclically delayed SC-FDMA waveform as the pre-processed SC-FDMA waveform. The two cyclically delayed SC-FDMA waveforms are added and appended with a cyclic prefix to generate the multi-carrier transmission symbol.

T pre-processors 612 a through 612 t may provide different cyclic delays for the T SC-FDMA waveforms. The cyclic delay for each SC-FDMA waveform may also be achieved in the frequency domain by applying a phase ramp across the corresponding sequence of frequency-domain values, {Y_(k)}. The cyclic delay shifts the energy peaks in the SC-FDMA waveforms prior to combining these waveforms. The cyclic delay is particularly effective at reducing PAPR for a multi-carrier SC-FDMA waveform generated for multiple subband groups for LFDMA. Furthermore, the cyclic delay does not distort or alter the characteristics of the input SC-FDMA waveforms, which may be desirable.

In another embodiment, pre-processors 612 a through 612 t implement a set of filters. The filters may be lowpass filters, all-pass filters, and/or some other types of filters. The filters may be fixed filters designed to provide a lower PAPR on average for multi-carrier transmission symbols. These filters may also be selected based on the input SC-FDMA waveforms from generators 610 a through 610 t. For example, multiple sets of filters may be defined, and the set of filters that provides the lowest PAPR may be selected for use. The selected set of filters may be signaled to the receiver, which may then apply a complementary set of filters on the received transmission symbol. Alternatively, the receiver may not be informed of the selected set of filters and may attempt to decode the received transmission symbol with each of the possible sets of filters. If pilot and data symbols are sent using the same set of filters, then the receiver may use the pilot symbols to estimate the effective channel response, which includes the wireless channel response and the selected set of filters. The receiver may then process the received transmission symbol with the effective channel response estimate. The receiver may not need to determine the set of filters used to send the pilot and data symbols.

FIG. 8A shows a process 800 performed by a transmitter to generate a multi-carrier transmission symbol. Multiple waveforms carrying modulation symbols in the time domain on multiple sets of subbands are generated (block 812). The multiple sets may include adjacent subbands for LFDMA, uniformly distributed subbands for IFDMA, or multiple groups of subbands for EFDMA. The multiple waveforms are pre-processed to obtain multiple pre-processed waveforms (block 814). The pre-processing may entail cyclically delaying the multiple waveforms by different amounts, e.g., by 0 and K/2N samples for two waveforms. Alternatively, the pre-processing may entail filtering the multiple waveforms with a set of filter(s), which may be selected to achieve a low PAPR for the resultant transmission symbol. The multiple pre-processed waveforms are combined (e.g., added) to obtain a composite waveform (block 816). A cyclic prefix is then appended to the composite waveform to generate the multi-carrier transmission symbol (block 818).

FIG. 8B shows an apparatus 850 for generating a multi-carrier transmission symbol. Apparatus 850 includes means for generating multiple waveforms carrying modulation symbols in the time domain on multiple sets of subbands (block 852), means for pre-processing (e.g., cyclically delaying or filtering) the multiple waveforms to obtain multiple pre-processed waveforms (block 854), means for combining (e.g., adding) the multiple pre-processed waveforms to obtain a composite waveform (block 856), and means for appending a cyclic prefix to the composite waveform to generate the multi-carrier transmission symbol (block 858).

FIG. 9A shows a process 900 performed by a receiver. A multi-carrier transmission symbol comprised of multiple waveforms carrying multiple sets of modulation symbols in the time domain on multiple sets of subbands is initially received (block 912). The cyclic prefix is removed from the received transmission symbol (block 914). The remaining received transmission symbol is transformed to the frequency domain (e.g., with a K-point DFT/FFT) to obtain K frequency-domain values (block 916). Multiple sets of frequency-domain values for the multiple sets of subbands are obtained from among the K frequency-domain values (block 918). Each set of frequency-domain values is transformed to the time domain (e.g., with an N-point IDFT/IFFT) to obtain a respective set of modulation symbols sent in the multi-carrier transmission symbol (block 920).

If the multiple waveforms are cyclically delayed by different amounts prior to combining at the transmitter, then the receiver does not need to perform any special processing to remove the cyclic delays. If the multiple waveforms are filtered with a set of filters at the transmitter, then the receiver may perform equalization for this set of filters. The receiver may also perform data detection with a channel estimate obtained based on pilot symbols sent using the same set of filters.

FIG. 9B shows an apparatus 950 for receiving a multi-carrier transmission symbol. Apparatus 950 includes means for receiving a multi-carrier transmission symbol comprised of multiple waveforms carrying multiple sets of modulation symbols in the time domain on multiple sets of subbands (block 952), means for removing the cyclic prefix from the received transmission symbol (block 954), means for transforming the remaining received transmission symbol to the frequency domain to obtain K frequency-domain values (block 956), means for obtaining multiple sets of frequency-domain values for the multiple sets of subbands from among the K frequency-domain values (block 958), and means for transforming each set of frequency-domain values to the time domain to obtain a respective set of modulation symbols sent in the multi-carrier transmission symbol (block 960).

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a transmitter 1010 and a receiver 1050. For the forward link, transmitter 1010 is part of a base station and receiver 1050 is part of a terminal. For the reverse link, transmitter 1010 is part of a terminal and receiver 1050 is part of a base station.

At transmitter 1010, a transmit (TX) data and pilot processor 1020 encodes, interleaves, and symbol maps data (e.g., traffic data and signaling) and generates data symbols. Processor 1020 also generates pilot symbols and multiplexes the data symbols and pilot symbols. A data symbol is a modulation symbol for data, a pilot symbol is a modulation symbol for pilot, a modulation symbol is a complex value for a point in a signal constellation (e.g., for PSK or QAM), and a symbol is a complex value. An SC-FDMA modulator 1030 performs modulation on the multiplexed data and pilot symbols and generates transmission symbols. Modulator 1030 may generate single-carrier transmission symbols, e.g., as shown in FIG. 3A or 3B. Modulator 1030 may also implement multi-carrier SC-FDMA modulator 600 in FIG. 6 and generate multi-carrier transmission symbols, e.g., as shown in FIG. 7. A transmitter unit (TMTR) 1032 processes (e.g., converts to analog, amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) the transmission symbols and generates a radio frequency (RF) modulated signal, which is transmitted via an antenna 1034.

At receiver 1050, an antenna 1052 receives the transmitted signal and provides a received signal. A receiver unit (RCVR) 1054 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, frequency downconverts, and digitizes) the received signal and provides input samples. An SC-FDMA demodulator (Demod) 1060 performs demodulation on the input samples and provides received data values and received pilot values for subbands used for data and pilot transmission. A channel estimator/processor 1080 derives a channel estimate based on the received pilot values. Demodulator 1060 also performs data detection (or equalization) on the received data values with the channel estimate and provides data symbol estimates. A receive (RX) data processor 1070 symbol demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes the data symbol estimates and provides decoded data. In general, the processing by demodulator 1060 and RX data processor 1070 at receiver 1050 is complementary to the processing by modulator 1030 and TX data and pilot processor 1020, respectively, at transmitter 1010.

Controllers/processors 1040 and 1090 direct the operation of various processing units at transmitter 1010 and receiver 1050, respectively. Memories 1042 and 1092 store program codes and data for transmitter 1010 and receiver 1050, respectively.

The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units at a transmitter may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. The processing units at a receiver may also be implemented with one or more ASICs, DSPs, processors, and so on.

For a firmware and/or software implementation, the techniques may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1042 or 1092 in FIG. 10) and executed by a processor (e.g., processor 1040 or 1090). The memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor configured: to generate multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying modulation symbols in time domain on multiple sets of subbands, to pre-process the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms by cyclically delaying the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms by different amounts to obtain multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms, and to generate a transmission symbol with the multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to filter the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms with a set of at least one filter.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to select the set of at least one filter from among multiple sets of at least one filter.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to select the set of at least one filter to achieve a low peak-to-average power ratio for the transmission symbol.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transform multiple sets of modulation symbols to frequency domain to obtain multiple sets of frequency domain values, to map the multiple sets of frequency domain values to the multiple sets of subbands to generate multiple sequences, and to transform the multiple sequences to time domain to generate the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to combine the multiple pre-processed waveforms to obtain a composite waveform, and to append a cyclic prefix to the composite waveform to generate the transmission symbol.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple sets of subbands includes multiple adjacent subbands.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple sets of subbands includes multiple subbands distributed across a plurality of subbands.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each of the multiple sets of subbands includes multiple groups of subbands.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to generate two single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying modulation symbols on two sets of subbands.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the two single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms include first and second single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cyclically delay the first single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveform by zero sample and to cyclically delay the second single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveform by K/(2N) samples, where K is the total number of subbands and N is the number of subbands in each of the two sets.
 12. A method comprising: generating multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying modulation symbols in time domain on multiple sets of subbands; pre-processing the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms to obtain multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms, wherein the pre-processing comprises cyclically delaying the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms by different amounts; and generating a transmission symbol with the multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the generating the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms comprises: transforming multiple sets of modulation symbols to frequency domain to obtain multiple sets of frequency domain values, mapping the multiple sets of frequency domain values to the multiple sets of subbands to generate multiple sequences, and transforming the multiple sequences to time domain to generate the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the generating the transmission symbol comprises combining the multiple pre-processed waveforms to obtain a composite waveform, and appending a cyclic prefix to the composite waveform to generate the transmission symbol.
 15. An apparatus comprising: means for generating multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying modulation symbols in time domain on multiple sets of subbands; means for pre-processing the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms to obtain multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms, wherein the means for pre-processing comprises means for cyclically delaying the multiple waveforms by different amounts; and means for generating a transmission symbol with the multiple pre-processed single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for generating the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms comprises: means for transforming multiple sets of modulation symbols to frequency domain to obtain multiple sets of frequency domain values, means for mapping the multiple sets of frequency domain values to the multiple sets of subbands to generate multiple sequences, and means for transforming the multiple sequences to time domain to generate the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the means for generating the transmission symbol comprises: means for combining the multiple pre-processed waveforms to obtain a composite waveform, and means for appending a cyclic prefix to the composite waveform to generate the transmission symbol.
 18. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor configured to receive a transmission symbol comprised of multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying multiple sets of modulation symbols on multiple sets of subbands, wherein the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms are pre-processed by cyclically delaying the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms by different amounts to obtain preprocessed multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms which are combined to form the transmission symbol, to transform the received transmission symbol to frequency domain to obtain multiple sets of frequency-domain values for the multiple sets of subbands, and to transform the multiple sets of frequency-domain values to time domain to obtain estimates for the multiple sets of modulation symbols; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor is configured to filter the multiple sets of frequency-domain values with a set of at least one filter.
 20. An apparatus comprising: means for receiving a transmission symbol comprised of multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms carrying multiple sets of modulation symbols on multiple sets of subbands, wherein the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms are pre-processed by cyclically delaying the multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms by different amounts to obtain preprocessed multiple single-carrier frequency division multiple access waveforms which are combined to form the transmission symbol; means for transforming the received transmission symbol to frequency domain to obtain multiple sets of frequency-domain values for the multiple sets of subbands; and means for transforming the multiple sets of frequency-domain values to time domain to obtain estimates for the multiple sets of modulation symbols. 